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Wikipedia - Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
A norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI, NERI) or adrenergic reuptake inhibitor (ARI), is a type of drug which acts as a reuptake inhibitor for the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) by blocking the action of the norepinephrine transporter (NET). This in turn leads to increased extracellular concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine and therefore an increase in adrenergic neurotransmission.
[edit] Indications
NRIs may be used in the clinical treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and fatigue or lethargy as stimulants, obesity as anorectics or appetite suppressants for weight loss purposes, as well as mood disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD) as antidepressants, nasal or sinus congestion as decongestants, nocturnal enuresis or "bedwetting", hypotension and/or orthostatic hypotension as vasopressors, and both as augmentations and to offset some of the side effects of certain other drugs like the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as sexual dysfunction.
[edit] Effects
[edit] General
NRIs can induce a wide range of psychological and physiological effects, including the following:
- Psychological
- A general and subjective alteration in consciousness
- Stimulation, arousal, and hyperactivity
- Increased alertness, awareness, and wakefulness
- Increased energy and endurance
- Agitation or restlessness
- Enhanced attention, focus, and concentration
- Increased desire, drive, and motivation
- Improved cognition, memory, and learning
- Antidepressant benefits or mood lift
- Irritability, aggression, anger and/or rage
- Anxiety, negativity, paranoia, and/or panic attacks
- Malaise or lassitude
- Aphrodisiac effects
- Physiological
- Miscellaneous
It should be noted, however, that many of these properties are dependent on whether the NRI in question is capable of crossing the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Those that do not will only produce peripheral effects.
[edit] Overdose
At very high doses characterized by overdose, a number of symptoms may come to prominence, as well as hypertensive crisis, including the following:
- Psychological
- Physiological
- Miscellaneous
In contrast to dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRIs) such as cocaine and methylphenidate, NRIs without DRI properties which do not affect dopamine are incapable of inducing significant rewarding effects and are not self-administered in rodents, and as a result, they have a negligible abuse potential in comparison.[1][2]
[edit] List of NRIs
- Pharmaceutical Drugs
- Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (NRIs)
- Norepinephrine-Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (NDRIs)
- Amineptine (Survector, Maneon, Directin)
- Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban)
- Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin)
- Fencamfamine (Glucoenergan, Reactivan)
- Fencamine (Altimina, Sicoclor)
- Lefetamine (Santenol)
- Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta, Metadate, Methylin)
- Pipradrol (Meretran)
- Prolintane (Promotil, Katovit)
- Pyrovalerone (Centroton, Thymergix)
- Difemetorex
- Dietary Supplements
- Street Drugs
- Research Chemicals
- Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (NRIs)
- Natural Sources
[edit] See also
[edit] References
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Adrenergics |
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Receptor
Ligands |
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Agonists: 5-FNE • 6-FNE • Amidephrine • Anisodamine • Anisodine • Cirazoline • Dipivefrine • Dopamine • Ephedrine • Epinephrine (Adrenaline) • Etilefrine • Ethylnorepinephrine • Indanidine • Levonordefrin • Metaraminol • Methoxamine • Methyldopa • Midodrine • Naphazoline • Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) • Octopamine • Oxymetazoline • Phenylephrine • Phenylpropanolamine • Pseudoephedrine • Synephrine • Tetrahydrozoline
Antagonists: Abanoquil • Adimolol • Ajmalicine • Alfuzosin • Amosulalol • Arotinolol • Atiprosin • Benoxathian • Buflomedil • Bunazosin • Carvedilol • CI-926 • Corynanthine • Dapiprazole • DL-017 • Domesticine • Doxazosin • Eugenodilol • Fenspiride • GYKI-12,743 • GYKI-16,084 • Indoramin • Ketanserin • L-765,314 • Labetalol • Mephendioxan • Metazosin • Monatepil • Moxisylyte (Thymoxamine) • Naftopidil • Nantenine • Neldazosin • Nicergoline • Niguldipine • Pelanserin • Phendioxan • Phenoxybenzamine • Phentolamine • Piperoxan • Prazosin • Quinazosin • Ritanserin • RS-97,078 • SGB-1,534 • Silodosin • SL-89.0591 • Spiperone • Talipexole • Tamsulosin • Terazosin • Tibalosin • Tiodazosin • Tipentosin • Tolazoline • Trimazosin • Upidosin • Urapidil • Zolertine
* Note that many TCAs, TeCAs, antipsychotics, ergolines, and some piperazines like buspirone, trazodone, nefazodone, etoperidone, and mepiprazole all antagonize α1-adrenergic receptors as well, which contributes to their side effects such as orthostatic hypotension.
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Reuptake
Inhibitors |
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Releasing
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Enzyme
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor".
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